The Lascaux Caves as World Heritage Sites

Table of Contents Introduction Background Presentation of the Lascaux cave Inspiration of the Cave Paintings Features of the cave works and its artists Conclusion References Introduction The Lascaux caves are the most popular in the world. The Lascaux Caves in France were discovered in 1940. The paintings were created around 17,000 years ago, which makes them some of the oldest and iconic expressions of art that remain to date. The Lascaux caves are located in France’s Dordogne, in the Và ©zà ¨re Valley, 30 kilometers north of Sarlat in South West France. They are tourist attraction sites known for their Paleolithic age cave paintings. The original caves are close to Montignac (Lacanette 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Lascaux Caves as World Heritage Sites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are seven sections of the Lascaux caves namely: â€Å"the Great Hall of the Bulls, the Painted Gallery, the Lateral Passage, the Chamber of Engravings, the Main Gallery, the Chamber of Felines, and the Shaft of the Dead Man† (Lacanette 2009: 2538). Based on the multiple cover paintings on the Lascaux caves, researchers believe that for many centuries those caves have been populated by different tribes. The most appealing of these chambers is the Hall of the Bulls, which presents the pictures of horses, bulls, and stags. The painting in the Shaft of the Dead Man also presents a particular interest due to the unusual proportion of the human figures (Lacanette 2009: 2544). Background Most archeologists and scholars agree that paintings found in the cave can be dated around 15,000 BC, based on radiocarbon analysis of various artifacts and charcoal discovered in the cave. The scholars and archeologists also propose that the paintings came into being within a period of several centuries. The Lascaux cave was discovered in 1940 by a group of boys who were looking for their lost dog. In December of the same year, the caves received statutory historic memento protection. Authorities opened the caves to the public in 1948 disregarding conservation and preservation issues. The caves received over 100,000 visitors yearly (Muriel 2011:8). The huge number of visitors and artificial lighting caused considerable destruction to the historical site. Consequently, significant archeological data disappeared as the lackluster of the paintings decreased. Worse still, devastating algae layers of bacteria and dark calcite crystals appeared on the walls of the cave. Ultimately, the authorities banned further public visits to the caves and initiated revival efforts. This arrested the development of crystals and reversed the development of algae and bacteria (Muriel 2011:10). The authorities carried out constant monitoring as the caves remained closed to the public. In 1979, UNESCO included Lascaux cave and various other decorated caves in the Và ©zà ¨re Valley i nto the list of World Heritages Sites. In 1983, cautiously completed replica referred to as Lascaux II began receiving visitors. Replication took ten years as Monique Peytral, a local artist, reproduced the paintings with incredible attention to detail (Sacred Destinations 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on archeology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presentation of the Lascaux cave Lascaux I is made up of a main cave, which is 66 feet in width and 16 feet in height. This is the original cave, which has 600 paintings decorated on its wall and close to 1,500 engravings. Most of the paintings depict both live and extinct animals. Some of the animals etched on the walls are horses with minute heads, and cloven with round stomachs, which are representative of the Przewalski horses from Asia as well as horses common in Chinese paintings (Huppatz 2010), as well as deer, which are graceful beasts with excellent groups of antlersThere are also six cats in the paintings, two bison of male species and some unclear two-horned beasts. There is a rare explanatory scene pointing to a hunting outing or a shamanistic ritual, crowned by exciting geometrical designs, which include rectangles and ragged lines. Lascaux II is 200 meters away from Lascaux I. It is found in a cement bunker, and copies the two major chambers of the original Lascaux Caves. There are two hundred replica paintings occupying over 128 feet in length (Huppatz 2010: 137). Inspiration of the Cave Paintings One of the interesting questions that are raised by scientists revolves around the need for humans to paint images or etch figures of either humans or animals on the walls of the caves. For instance, studies suggest that the Dead Man scene in Lascaux, was aimed at preventing the image from taking the soul of its creator. The absence of recorded information makes it hard to determine the primary objective of the cave paintings. The qualit y of the cave paintings is high and the concerted efforts applied to such work, including the extent of applying scaffolding to get to the apex of the walls, may be an indication that the caves were holy sites fit for rituals. According to Mauriac, there are three primary theories revolving around the pre-historic paintings on the walls of the caves (Muriel, 2011: 14). First, the prehistoric man may have created the paintings and etchings on the walls as decorations, with preference of figures of animals that were vital to human survival. Second, man may have made the paintings with the belief that they would create a sense of magic to help the hunters. Third, humans may have used the paintings of animals to document their hunting expeditions (Muriel 2011). Features of the cave works and its artists The area of the cave depicts a variety of mineralogical features including different variations of the surface with regard to the grain size, reflectance and hardness that are distribute d between the Hall of the Bulls and the Axial Gallery (Huppatz 2010). These variations are also evident on the Passageway, the Apse, the Nave and the Shaft (Huppatz 2010). The figures found in the first sector are on calcited limestone, which is both irregular and hard for engraving. As such, this sector collects numerous paintings on the walls, achieved by either pigment application or spray technique. The soft nature of the second area permitted the creation of engraved figures and paintings by spray technique.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Lascaux Caves as World Heritage Sites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The variation of the two surfaces was a determining factor in conservation of the Lascaux. The beautiful display of works in the cave indicates a superior adaptation of the artists to the physical characteristics of the walls, allowing them to provide multiple works based on the minerals f ound on the surface. For instance, engravings were created on soft limestone, while paintings were projected on calcite surfaces (Huppatz 2010). The people of Lascaux were culturally homogenous owing to the existence of a general perception of similar designs and demonstrations regarding styles used, such as the single archeological layer on the floor of the cave. According to Holden, the wall paintings and etchings were made using natural objects. Sharp tools, such as spears, were used to etch into the rock, while the paint colors came from berries, clay, soot and charcoal. â€Å"The tools used to apply the paint could have been made by attaching straw, leaves, moss, or hair to sticks. They might have used hollow bones or reeds to spray the color on, similar to an airbrush technique† (Holden 2003: 234). The people of Lascaux also used mineral dyes for paintings. The mineral dyes were composed of iron in its sub elements like hematite, gore, turgite, limonite, geothite, as we ll as, manganese in its sub elements like manganite, braunite and black ocher (Holden 2003) . The people of Lascaux were gifted with an artistic solid pathway as seen in the clarity and quality of completed paitings and etchiings (Holden 2003). An analysis of the composition reveals multiple irregularities sorrrounding the cave, such as the evident disparity of signs used by the Lascaux people for either male or female related signs. Parietal signs related to the male species include â€Å"the arrows, the harpoons, the sticks and the features† while the â€Å"oval claviformes, points and forms† were related to the female species. This affirms that, contrary to misinformed views, parietal art is borne out of very complex thought. (Holden 2003: 248) Conclusion Much as the Lascaux caves are classified as World Heritage sites, they face multiple threats to their continued existence. As such, there must be concerted efforts by all stakeholders to preserve these historical s ites for viewing by future generations. Such measures include constant monitoring by the relevant authorities to make sure that issues like growth of algae and bacteria do not occur again and if they do, they are cleared as quickly as possible. Proper research must also be carried out to determine how best to keep the environment in its natural setting, even with the use of modern inventions. The installation of air conditioners in 2001 was a right step but due to lack of proper research, the air conditioners resulted in white molds which were bad for the caves. Maintenance of the caves must be a regular exercise so as to make the project more sustainable and appreciated (McCully 2010:n.p).Advertising Looking for research paper on archeology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Holden, Constance 2003 Wanted: Solution for Cave Mold. Science 300(5617): 245- 249. Huppatz, DJ 2010 The Cave: Writing Design History. Journal of Writing in Creative Practice 3(2): 135-148. Lacanettea, Delphine, Stà ©phane Vincenta, Arthur Sarthoua, Philippe Malaurentb and Jean-Paul Caltagironea. 2009 An Eulerian/Lagrangian method for the numerical simulation of incompressible convection flows interacting with complex obstacles: Application to the natural convection in the Lascaux cave. International Journal of Heat and Mass ransfert 52(12): 2528-2542. Mauriac, Muriel 2012 Lascaux: The history of the discovery of an outstanding decorated cave. Adoranten 2011, 5-24. electronic documet. Web. McCully, Emily Arnold 2010 The Secret Cave: Discovering Lascaux. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR). This research paper on The Lascaux Caves as World Heritage Sites was written and submitted by user Namorita to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mexicos Culture Essays

Mexicos Culture Essays Mexicos Culture Essay Mexicos Culture Essay Trying to immediately start negotiations can be seen as pushy as the Mexican people are more relaxed and want to start personal relationships before conducting a equines relationship. First meetings are usually exclusively for the purpose of casual conversation. Attempts to come to a definite decision can be put off with the phrase, Manama signifying later and can serve to redirect a conversation or be a way of saying no. Courtesy titles followed by surname should be used at all times, unless those in your group have professional titles, which should be used. Gift giving is necessary, but is a nice touch if relatively inexpensive. Red, yellow, or white flowers have bad symbolism, however, and should not be used. Conservative and modest dress is also important. It is important to recognize negotiations may be time- consuming and good interpersonal skills and emotional passion elicits more respect from Mexican businessmen than credentials. Resources Mexico happens to be very rich in natural resources. The nations main export is crude oil and is among the top five largest producers of petroleum. Other natural resources that Mexico produce includes silver, gold, copper, and lead. With the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific Ocean, and Caribbean Sea right at Mexico shoreline, fishery has become extensive and is ranked 17th in worldwide production. Mexico happens to be ranked high in the production of agricultural goods as well. The nation is the fourth largest producer of both corn and sorghum worldwide and the fifth largest producer of beans in the world. Mexico is also in the top ten producers of avocado, cacao, coffee, lemon, mango, orange, tomato, sugarcane, honey and banana. The climate conditions in which Mexico has also allow for the production and exportation of cattle, pigs, goats and sheep. Mexico happens to also be made up of 39% of forestry and woodlands, but because of topography and environmental laws, the dispersed over-harvesting and illegal harvesting of forest resources, which can potentially hurt the economy in Mexico, is some ways. Products Over the past few years Mexico has imported goods from the United States, this is the starting point to institute a better environment for the citizens of Mexico and people wanting to start a business in Mexico. The largest import from U. S. To Mexico is electrical appliances. This shows that Mexico has a sustainable power grid able to keep all these appliances running. Next is almost a tie with $4. 75 Billion Cuds for telecommunication equipment and $4. 9 billion Cuds for industrial supplies. Both of these together reports that Mexico has a growing wireless infrastructure and a growing industrial sector, creating Jobs and a better living environment for its employees and consumers. Price Points The average Mexican household consists of 3. 9 people as opposed to 2. 9 peoples in US households. The quarterly household income has declined by 12. 8% between 2008-2010, during this time the average monthly income was $995 USED, and spending was $871 USED a month. This was the worst recession since the sasss for Mexico. The average population age is between 12-29 at 31. %, followed by the age group 30-49 at 26. 3%. The largest consumer base in Mexico is the teens and young adults, creating a boom i n able workers and willing consumers. Mexico Economic System Mexico has a free market economy with a mixture of modern and outdated agriculture industries. Mexico has a very limited number of state-owned enterprises. As a direct result of NONFAT. Trade has more than doubled with the US and Canada. This has had a phenomenal impact on the economic system and has bolstered gross profits ten-fold. The biggest industries (consecutively) are agriculture, energy and inning, communications, transportation, and tourism. The GAP purchasing power apart is $815. 3 billion , the real growth rate is 4. 8%, and the per capita purchasing power parity is $8,300. The composition by sector is agriculture at 6%, industry at 26%, and services at 68%. As far as demographics are concerned, the population below poverty line is at 27%. The current inflation rate is at about 18. 6%. Mexico debt began taking root in August of 1982 when Mexico announced to the world that it was unable to pay what it owed to its international creditors. Due to Mexico rapid rise in large-scale loans, rapid inflation and high floating interest rates skyrocketed. Organizations of Petroleum Exporting Countries also known as OPEC soon began to amass immense wealth, and banks were eager to lend billions of dollars. Mexico in turn borrowed large sums of money at low, but floating interest rates. As a result of the irresponsibility of both creditor and debtor governments, Mexico did not use the money for productive investment, but rather spent them on immediate consumption. Consequently, Mexico then in turn did not have money to repay their loans. During the Mexican Peso Crises of 1994, Mexico announced to the international financial community that it did not have enough external liquidity to fulfill its financial obligations and requested a 90 day rollover of the payments of the principal to prepare toward definite restructuring financial package. The impact of this announcement was far-reaching and created an atmosphere that caused intense relations on all exports. The price of oil began to skyrocket and the number of exports diminished as interest rates rose, causing debtors to default on all of their loans. This rings us to a current national debt of $274, 800 (Million USED). Political System The Mexican political system is modeled after the United States. Although there are some differences in place, the overall concept is similar. In 1917, the Mexican Constitution (Constitution ¶n Political De Los Estates Unites Mexicans) was made, but the ideal democracy that Mexico was aiming for was not in place until the late sass to early sass. Over the years, Mexico has not had a steady government structure and over the span of 55 years, during the early sass, went through 75 different residents. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PR) was the primary winner for most of the elections in Mexico (7 decades), with the other two parties being the Democratic Revolution Party (PRE) and the National Action Party (PAN). The PRI political party is said to be like a dictatorship because of its corruption and promotion of social order and the other two parties spend more time trying to keep the PRI out of the executive seat, but have failed to do so in years past. In 2000 the Prigs reign ended and the PAN political party had taken over the Mexican political system. Now, as the six-year term of Feline Cauldron is coming to an end, Meringue Penn Unite of the PRI party is going to be the new president and the PRI will be back in power after a twelve-year hiatus. Meringue Penn Unite will go into office starting December 1st, 2012 and says that the PRI party is now more reformed than before. Legal system Mexico actually has a highly evolved and organized legal system. The roots of this system are rather unique in the fact that this legal system is founded on both ancient and classical, thanks to the influence of the Greek, Roman, and Spanish systems. However, in recent years, Mexico has started to structure its governmental common law country and Mexico is considered a civil law country. Under common law, the US focuses on case law, customs, and usage as opposed to legislative enactments. Under civil law, also referred to as colonial law, Mexico civil law system derived directly from Roman law and is a highly formal body of law, while capitalizing on intricate laws, customs, and accepted legal requirements. Mexico constitution was written in 1917 and is the most important document. A companion comment to the Constitution is the Civil Code which consists of over 3,000 documents organized in to 4 books with chapters and sections. The Civil Code adheres to Mexico revolutionary spirit and communality tendencies as the code values community needs over individual needs and property rights are not absolute. The Commercial Code is also a compilation of many articles organized into 5 separate books. It covers all forms of business and gives procedures for commercial litigation. Magistrates of the Supreme Court are appointed for six years by the President and infirmed by the Senate; they can be removed only on impeachment. The courts include the Supreme Court with 21 magistrates, 12 collegiate circuit courts with three judges each and nine unitary circuit courts with one Judge each, and 68 district courts with one Judge each. (B. Turner (De. ), 2009) Trim-branch system with a president elected every 6 years. Entry Method There are many ways a business can enter the international market of Mexico. Often times, the first step to testing a market is through exporting to the country. NONFAT, the North American Free Trade Agreement, made it possible for trade to occur teen Canada, Mexico, and the United States tariff-free. This means as a business person, the costs associated with entering the Mexican economy drastically drop due to low barriers to entry. If an American business wants to take the next step, licensing and franchising could prove to be a lucrative investment. Through licensing and franchising, the business would be exporting property rights, the name, business strategies, and standard operating procedures. The franchise sector in Mexico grew between 9- 12% in 2011, continuing to be one of the most important sectors in the countrys economic growth. Due to the importance of franchising to the Mexican economy, the Mexican Congress amended the Law of Industrial Property, which helps protect Mexican franchisees from abuse via the franchiser. This created more interest in the concept of franchising and conservative estimates show there will be an 8% increase of franchises in 2012. Considering Mexico trade agreements with over 50 countries and fairly low barriers to entry, the country would be a viable option for Foreign Direct Investment. The countries of Mexico agreements represent 2/3 of total imports in the world and % of the worlds GAP. Through these agreements, Mexico is granted preferential access to Mexican cities among the Top 10 Latin American Cities of the Future, one of them being number 3. Many companies enter Mexico due to cheaper labor and their membership with NONFAT. According to the CIA World Fact Book, Mexico is the largest exporter in Latin America with $349. Billion in exports; this number qualifies them to be the 16th largest exporter in the world. This number shows that companies go there and access their cheaper resources and take advantage of their trade alliances for exporting to other countries. Long term profit potential Because of the potential that Mexico holds in this worlds economy, their long-term profit potential can be great a s compared to other countries in Latin America. As an American business, placing something as simple as production within Mexican borders would allow them to avoid the most expensive corporate taxes in the world as well as labor costs. Despite popular belief, pursuing a Greenfield Investment in Mexico is far more expensive than building a business in America. Opportunity Costs Mexico ($USED) At-NCAA ($USED) Starting the business 8 days 949. 58 675 Construction 30464. 72 6990 Electricity 6138. 59 7926. 7 Total (SAID) 67552. 89 1 5591 . 7 It costs on nearly $70,000 (USED) to build new facilities in Mexico, which is a large expense considering the $16,000 (USED) it costs in the United States. A benefit to consider is that once the business is in Mexico, it will cost $0 to export into America and European Free Trade Area. One would be avoiding the corporate taxes in America, which are the largest in the world at 39. 2%, while enjoying the tax rate in Mexico at 30%. The most staggering figure is that minimum wage in America is $7. 25 (USED) and minimum wage in Mexico is nearly half of that at $4. 0 (USED). Knowing their long-term profit potential. Pursuing options such as franchising, direct foreign investment, acquisitions, or simply exporting, will boost a companys chances at realizing a long-term profit margin. CONCLUSION Mexico is a unique option for international business. After years of stagnation and struggles with debt, Mexico is a leader among developing countries in adapting towards a technology and industrial based society. Sustainable options have insured that valuable agricultural resources and natural resources, such as petroleum, are available for international trade. Indeed, Mexico has worked to befriend many developed countries and is an important intermediary in reaching all of Latin America. Mexicans are willing to add increased ease to starting a business in their country, and increased transparency and governmental vigilance to curb drug related violence makes Mexico an intriguing prospect for at least foreign direct investment. However, serious ramifications in entering Mexico now include the current change in political power. As the revolutionary focused, radical PRI party led by Meringue Unite prepares to regain the presidency and probably the congress next ear, foreign businessmen should be mindful of the possible implications a radical government adds to business ventures. Nor should the community-focused tendencies of the Mexican government be ignored. While defined as a free market economy, the Mexican government does not recognize any private property belonging to the citizenry which increases possible operational risks. Mexico has stabilized its currency in recent years but is still reliant on the US dollar and any adverse economic effects the United States could face in coming years would have hit the Mexican economy and people with a great intensity.

Study 4 - GuideStar Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Study 4 - GuideStar - Coursework Example Its mission statement was cited as: â€Å"provides scholarships to exceptional Asian and Pacific Islander Americans (APIAs) with financial need. Our vision is that all APIAs who wish to pursue higher education have that opportunity, regardless of their ethnicity, national origin or financial means† (GuideStar, 2012, p. 1). The site would be useful to individuals, organizations and foundations in terms of the provision of accurate information needed to learn more on the organization. As indicated, the official website of the APIASF is http://www.apiasf.org/#1 which could be easily accessed. The information for the fundraising process could be accessed from the organization’s ‘Support Us’ link where there are options to donate through online or by mail. Likewise, donation at work could also be done by federal and state employees, as well as those from the private sector. Concurrently, corporations and foundations were noted for possibilities to be donors through â€Å"general operating support, direct program support and in-kind contributions of products or services† (APIASF, 2009). As such, the provisions of this information make fundraising process easy with the options given and the ways by which organizations and foundations could participate. The discussion of ethical standards and principles from this organization was contained in their alliance with FedEx, to wit: â€Å"Consistently ranked among the worlds most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 290,000 team members to remain "absolutely, positively" focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional standards and the needs of their customers and communities† (APIASF, 2011). In terms of disclosure of financial highlights, APIASF have included options in their official website to view the Annual Reports in pdf form. As of current time, the 2010 and 2009 annual reports are accessible. Total revenues of

Marketing - fainal essay- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - fainal - - Essay Example The competition in the retail industry is tough. Especially in the grocery sector where Tesco is competing because margins continue to shrink with more and more players entering the industry that intensified the already competitive environment. In order to survive and thrive, retailers have to add value to their customers otherwise perish in the competition. To add value, discounting for product does is not that potent work anymore. This marketing implement has its limits also because if frequently used, retailers will enter in a destructive cycle of cutting each other’s throat with the diminishing margins wrought by excessive discounting. In addition, excessive discounting might negatively affect the image of the retailer as â€Å"cheap† and thus, undermining its position to sell at a premium. In the case of Tesco, they employed several unique approaches in adding value to their customers. First is differentiation, or creating new selling proposition that would be differentiate the retailer from its competitors and be successful in the market. Second is the strengthening of the infrastructure of its customer service delivery to enable the retailer to better satisfy its customer as a value adding proposition. With differentiation, Tesco concentrated on the â€Å"white space market† when it entered the United States retailing industry. Many experts predicted that Tesco cannot replicate its success in the US retail market because the industry is already saturated. But instead of competing head on with the established retailers such as Walmart, Tesco differentiated itself by offering the added values of good food, good value, convenience and environmental sensitivity to the American consumer (Lowe and Wright, 2010). Also, Tesco invested in intangible value adding facilities that would enable it to better serve its customers with enhanced customer service as a value proposition. It invested heavily

British colonial policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

British colonial policies - Essay Example The Kashmir dispute, that has clouded the region with dispute and wars is a gift of British policies, they left this question open-ended and resulted in rivalries development between the two incumbent nations. Two wars have been fought afterward one right after the independence being granted to the respective states and one in 1965. The main point of contention in both the issues was Kashmir. While Pakistan considers it its integral part, the Indians consider it as their backbone and none would let go of it.The Red Cliffe commission that was put in place in the last days of colonial control over the region, the purpose was to devise a strategy that ensures the smooth transition and the transfer of land to the rightful owners of the place. While there were two major blocks, one of Hindus and second of Muslims, by the rule the Hindu majority areas would be awarded to the newly formed Indian State while the Muslim dominant states would be awarded to Pakistan. Improper division, and allo tting of the areas like Junagarh, Gurdaspur to India, resulted in the imbalance creation between the two nations and even today the relations are relatively sour between the two.Besides the land allocation, the resources allocation policies suffered from imbalances as well. The British Empire did not take into consideration the repercussion of the possible miss calculated allotment of resources. Pakistan and India have been on the brink of war for nearly two decades due to the Indus Basin Treaty.

Loss Of Innocence Lord Of The Flies English Literature Essay

Loss Of Innocence Lord Of The Flies English Literature Essay The book lord of the flies was published in 1954 by the Nobel-prize winner William Golding during the period of the cold war and the atomic age but the book situates during the World War II that has happened some year before the publication aside from the fact that William Golding had participated during this war in the royal navy participating in the sinking of the German ship the Bismark and participating in the invasion of Normandy making more clear the way he puts the characters and how they change into more savage beings aside for stating his idea of how the culture the man creates fails showing the influence of the context at that time. The purpose of this extended essay from the novel The lord of the flies by William Golding is to show to what point the loss of innocence of the main characters of this novel that change from good educated kids to savage people when they get in a virgin island doing a lot of things that kids should not do, making the loss of innocence a progressive thing This topic was chosen because it is very important how people even children can change into a totally different kind of people especially in one characteristic which is present in all kids and that is the innocence.In this novel the innocence is one of the many characteristics that change but in this case it changes into a form of savagery that is not normal in children that came from the city but because of the circumstances it changes into that way. Abou the topic the loss of innocence I will talk about different points that will help to understand it as how this children were before lossing their innocence ,how they were when they loose it , the way they lose it and the pros and cons of this loos of innocence This extend essay will be divided in two. In the first part it will be seen the author , historical context, the influences of Wiliam Golding and his style of writting and in the second part a discussion of the loss of innocence that is present in the novel. We could generally get to realize that the kids of the novel were force because of their surrounding to become savage people and loss their innocence to stay alive in that deserted island by doing a lot of things that a kid would not normally do. Chapter I Context Biography of the author The author William Holding was born in his grandmother `s house in cornwall were he spent many childhood holiday there. He grew up at his family home in Marlborough Grammar School (1905 to retirement). His father Alec Golding, was a socialist and a teacher with a strong commitment to scientific rationalism, William and his elder brother Joseph study in the same school were their father taught. His mother Mildred was a woman that supported the moderate campaigners for female suffrage. In 1930 William went to Oxford university as an undergraduate at Brasenosed College where he study natural sciences for two year before moving to English literature Golding took his B.A second class in the summer of 1934, and later that year he wrote his first book named Poem, this book was published in London by Macmillan Co, through the help of his Oxford friend, the anthroposophist Adam Bittleson.Golding during all his life was an avid animal rights activist Golding married Ann Brookfield on 30 September 1939 and they had two children, their names were Judy and David. In 1985 Golding and his wife moved to Tullimaar House at Perranaworthal, near Truro,Cornwall, where he died of heart failure,8 years later, on 19 June 1993. He was buried in the village churchyard at South Wiltsshire (this place is near the Hampsire and Dorset country boundaries. He left the draft of a novel, the double tong, set in ancient Delphi, which was published later. Influences World war II changed thinking about mans essential nature, one of this man was him. Before the war people believed that man was essentially good-hearted and society was often evil. However, the atrocities of the war made it very difficult to many people to believe any longer in the supposedly good and innocent nature of human beings as the predominant part of people. You can see the influence of this shift in thinking in Goldings works. Some of Goldings favorite childhood authors were Edgar Rice Burroughs with Tarzan of the Apes, Robert Ballatyne with Coral island and Jules Verne with Twenty thousand leagues under the sea  [1]   Each of these books portrays man as a basically, normal good creature who struggles to avoid the evils of society. Golding yearned to be similar to the characters in the stories and fables he read They held me rapt, Golding once said of the books he read. I dived with the Nautilus, was shot round the moon, and crossed Darkest Africa in a balloon, descended to the center of the earth, drifted in the South Atlantic, dying of thirst. It always sent me indoors for a drink-the fresh waters of the Amazon.  [2]  When he was twelve Golding decided to be a writer. He planned a twelve-volume work on trade unions but he could never complete the enormous plan. As said before with his love for books and reading and his early attempts at writing, Golding of studied literature in college. The book was not considered a success at first, it was not until the 1960s, when it captured the attention of college and high school students that critics began to acknowledge Goldings talent. Even now there are differing opinions about the novel. Some believe Goldings writing is bombastic and didactic, that he does not allow you to have any opinion but his. Other critics see him as the greatest English writer of our time. You will find that part of the fun of his book lies in deciding for yourself what you think. Golding has continued to write in spite of the controversy over his work. It would seem that the criticism, rather than frightening him, only challenges him to continue writing. In the same way, Golding challenges readers to think about what he considers most important: the true nature of human beings. The three novels that followed Lord of the FliesThe Inheritors, Pincher Martin, and Free Fallbrought him more success, while the controversy over his talent, or lack of it, continued. Eventually Golding stopped teaching to write full time. In 1983 Golding was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.  [3]   When World War II began in 1939, Golding joined the Royal Navy. He saw action against German warships, he was in antisubmarine and antiaircraft operations, and in 1944 he was involved in the D-Day naval support for the landings on the beaches of Normandy. He continued to read the classics even as he acquired a reputation for loving tense combat. And his war experiences changed his view about mankinds essential nature. Because of the atrocities he witnessed, Golding came to believe that there was a very dark and evil side to man.  [4]  The war, he said was unlike any other fought in Europe. It taught us not fighting, politics or the follies of nationalism, but about the given nature of man.  [5]  After the war Golding returned to teaching in a boys school, which may explain why the characters in Lord of the Flies seem so real. Ralph, Jack, Piggy, Simon, and the other boys are based on the faces and voices of children Golding knew. Thus his reading of the classics, his war expe rience, and his new insight into humanity laid the groundwork for his writing. His first three novel were very much alike the novels he read and he call them as rubbish imitations, these novel have never been published. His fourth novel was Lord of the flies, and when it was finally accepted for publication in 1954, it had been turned down by a lot of publisher around twenty of them In his writing style it can be seen that it is exiting and fast- moving with a lot of aspects that is shown in it, one of them is the length of the sentences depending in the situation, he use long sentences if he wants to move slowly, this sentences are deliberately use to slows the reader ´s pace so that the reader feels relax and to do not expect some of the things that are coming next in the story. This is done to make a sensation of surprise in the reader. On the other side he uses short sentences to make the story impacting as he uses them when something important and shocking is happening in the the story in other words a moment of tension. There is also the use of symbols, this symbols, the majority of them are objects that are in the nature each of them meaning something important as justice or violence. Aside from this he is an author that writes with a great control over sensitivity as he writes the deaths of animals or people in very descriptive and gruesome way as he w as a person that saw the horrors of war, he also like to do the mirror technique as he like to contrast the thing that are shown with opposite words as dark and light, isolation and friendship. Finally he like the use of imagery to enhance the situation to make it more clear to the reader of what is going on. Chapter 2: There are many evident themes in the book the lord of the flies by William Golding. One of the most evident themes trough the novel would be the loss of innocence. It is shown as the story progresses that the innocence of the children is disappearing as the education they received is only a way to maintain the real essence of man that is evil. Because of the lack of civilization an education in the island where the children are trapped the become violent, cruel and primitive showing the real essence of man that the author likes to use in his novels. The loss of innocence is evident in most characters of The Lord of The Flies. But first of all this means that this characters at a timet hey were innocent, this can be seen in the first chapters of the of the book when it is said that this children, Ralph and the others, were good sons and daughters , that they studied in a private school ,they liked to play that they were part of the high society meaning that they had money , as part of the high society in England they were children that were teach with good manners for example, to drink a cup of coffe in the afternoon.All of this meant that they were very educated children that will always do the correct thing nad that they would not hurt anyone but, when the accident with the plain occur that leads them to crush within a virgin island this changed in a progressive a notorious way as the the time passed by because this savagery was needed to survive within the islands there were no easy things to get as in the civilization were th ey only had to ask for the things to they parents as most children an in contrast in the island thy were by themselves trying to survive so they had to hunt animal to eat making a huge contrast in the behavior they had in the civilization and the behavior they had to have in the island, as the children that were portraded swimming in the lagoon in Chapter 3 that when crushed in the island they only wanted to be rescue that turned The painted savages in Chapter 12 who have hunted, tortured, and killed animals and human beings and that now they do not want to be rescued anymore.The autor, William Golding, as a man that hated war is trying to show with this that civilization can not delete the evil nature of the human being that it is shown in the worst moments of the life of the man and that this civilization can only hide and control this evil side that all man have. The process of innocnece degradation can be seen in the spar between Jack and Ralph appears to be constantly stirring. It occurs in the begging of the novel with the election of Ralph as chief all the way to the hunting of pigs. It seems that all Jack wants to do is hunt and kill even before they have any shelter to protect them from the elements. For example in chapter 3 it was said by Jack, We want meat (pg 54). Jack says this on more than one occasion. It is also evident that the boys are becoming more and more savage. For example in chapter eight during the successful hunt of a pig Jack says, Pick up the pig. , This head is for the beast referring to the sows head (pg 137). The head of the pig was impaled upon a spear through the ground as an offering for the beast. Towards the end of the novel it has become self-evident that the innocence of the boys has been completely lost. It at one point had gotten so bad that instead of hunting for food for the necessity of food, human bein gs were killed. For example, in chapter 11 a young boy named Roger, a sadist, rolled a boulder down a hill during a feud and killed piggy. Another example of loss of innocence can be provided in chapter 10 where Simon goes to tell the boys of the real beast while the boys are in a chant screaming, Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill His Blood!. Simon is stabbed with a spear and dies. Society is a key element lacking in The Lord Of The Flies causing the new erratic behavior among the boys. The boys in lord of the flies were unable to retain the much-needed innocence to preserve peace amongst the boys. The ideal supervision and stability of the grown-up world that was lacking caused the instability among the boys and the epitome of the downfall of innocence of mankind at its most primitive state with a huge contrast of what the children were before and what they are now, as when Ralph is first introduced, he is acting like a child, splashing in the water, mocking Piggy, and laughing. He tells Piggy that he is certain that his father, a naval commander, will rescue him, a conviction that the reader understands as the wishful thinking of a little boy. Ralph repeats his belief in their rescue throughout the novel, shifting his hope that his own father will discover them to the far more realistic premise that a passing ship will be attracted by the signal fire on the island. By the end of the novel, he has lost hope in the boys rescue altogether. The progression of Ralphs c haracter from idealism to pessimistic realism expresses the extent to which life on the island has eradicated his childhood. Also you can see that there is a lot of symbolism that represents the loss of innocence as in the island is coded in the early chapters as a kind of paradise, with idyllic scenery, fresh fruit, and glorious weather. Yet, as in the Biblical Eden, the temptation toward corruption is present: the younger boys fear a snake-thing. The snake-thing is the earliest incarnation of the beast that, eventually, will provoke paranoia and division among the group. It also explicitly recalls the snake from the Garden of Eden, the embodiment of Satan who causes Adam and Eves fall from grace. The boys increasing belief in the beast indicates their gradual loss of innocence, a descent that culminates in tragedy. We may also note that the landscape of the island itself shifts from an edenic space to a hellish one, as marked by Ralphs observation of the ocean tide as an impenetrable wall, and by the storm that follows Simons murder. Altought the lack of moral during thier actions is a bad thing , this has pros and cons the pros is that this help them to survive in the island since there is no place to be a educated and a formal man becouse if you are this way there you will get killed an eat by a wild animal or by other things so in a way here applies the survival of the fittest as a principal law to survive, the advantage of the lack of moral in that place is that they will not feel guilty for the killings of animals or people since you need to eat but on the same side the cons of this is that they will lose all social skills, and civilizad ways they have learn trought their lives, in case they are rescued and bring back to the city this will not permit them to have a normal live there as they adapted all to the island.So in way this lack of moral helps them but at the sametime it puts them on danger. Conclusion: In conclusion the loss of innocence is an evident theme trought the novel the lord of the flies of William Golding that is shown throught this characters in an progressive way as the lack of moral that brings down the innocence makes them do horrible things as cannibalism and other things that are worst as the time passes, but aside form the fact that this brings their moral down, this have advantages that helps them to survive in this chaotic situation full of danger. With this the author William Golding tries to show that no matter who you are or what your education you have recieved because when people are in a difficult moment of their lives ,their evil side appears losing all the civiliziced way of behaving as this part is always present in all human people despite their social-economic class , this idea of the human society that the author has is the result of his experiences of war as he presenced killing and other horrible things throught this stage of his life changing his way of seeing things into a pessimistic view of people as he probably did in war things that he is not proud of because this situation makes people change his way of thinking and do things that they would not normally do. This topic could bring new investgiation in the possible future ,in the same book, about the savagery vs civilization, this topic is related in a great way about the loss of innocence since it is about the conflict beteween the impulses that exist in all human beings one of them the instinct to live in a peacefull way by following rules and the other being to act in a violent and animalistic way to survive and to gain supremacy over other people.

The Driving Way :: essays papers

The Driving Way Selecting a career path is the easiest decision one can make; I have chosen five in the nine years since high school. The problem is selecting a path and following it to completion. When I returned to school for my most recent career path, I worked hard and did well for the first several months. Then, I started staying out late with a young lady, and the amount of time that I applied to school decreased by an order of magnitude. After several weeks with her, it was apparent that my grades were going to be bad. I told my father that I was not doing well in school, and that I was going to quit school to work full time again. He surprised me when he replied, "Do you remember the first time that I let you drive?" Although I vaguely remembered the event, I said, "Of course I do." Father then ask, "Do you still drive as poorly as you did that day?" Sensing one of the old man's long-winded speeches about to start, I harshly said, "No, what's your point?" After my abrasive reply, Father shook his head and started reading a book. Although I did not want to hear his speech, I could not keep from wondering what he wanted to say. I thought about the Saturday morning that my father let me drive for the first time. He drove me to a stretch of road so long and straight that you could see it converge in the horizon. He pulled over and told me to swap seats with him. Despite being nervous, I wasted no time getting behind the wheel. Timidly, I put the car in drive and pulled into the road. Father then said, "All that you have to do is point it straight and keep it between the lines." With father's advice about driving in mind, I carefully lined the car between the lines and headed down the road. I did well for the first several minutes. Then, my mind wandered, and I started paying less attention to the road. In a few seconds, I felt a thump and heard the car hit gravel. I overreacted and jerked the wheel; the car slid sideways, and suddenly we stopped. I was sure that my father was going to yell about my poor driving, but he quietly said, "Son, let me clarify my advice to you.